Execution of Saddam Hussein Totally Explained

Everything about Execution Of Saddam Hussein totally explained

The execution of Saddam Hussein took place on December 30, 2006. Saddam was sentenced to hanging after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal following his trial for the 1982 murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him.
   Saddam was President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003, when he was deposed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led forces. After his capture in ad-Dawr near his hometown of Tikrit, Saddam was held in United States custody at Camp Cropper to face trial by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. On November 5, 2006, he was sentenced to death by hanging.
   On December 30, 2006, Saddam was taken to Camp Justice to be executed. The Iraqi government released an official video of the execution, including Saddam being led to the gallows and stopping after the noose was placed around his neck. Controversy arose due to the surfacing of a mobile phone recording of the hanging that included audio, and showed Saddam falling through the trap door in the gallows. The audio, which wasn't in the official video, revealed taunts between Saddam and the executioners, which drew criticism over the environment of his execution.
   On December 31, 2006, Saddam's body was flown to his birthplace of Al-Awja near Tikrit and was buried in a palace near his family's resting places.

Trial

Held in custody by U.S. forces at Camp Cropper in Baghdad, on June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein and eleven senior Ba'athist officials were handed over to the Iraqi Interim Government to stand trial for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with the mass killings of the inhabitants of the village of Dujail in 1982 following a failed assassination attempt against him.
   On November 5, 2006, Saddam was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. The verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals.
   Although the United States approved of the trial, an attempt was made to postpone, stay, or overturn the execution order. Attempts were made to contact the Iraqi government to validate the legality of the execution under the new Iraqi constitution. The parliament, claiming that the security issues presented a need to act swiftly, dismissed the request. Further attempts were made to get a stay of execution from the anti-death-penalty President Jalal Talabani or a clearance that he'd no objections. The Iraqi government determined that no clearance from Talabani was necessary.
   On the afternoon of December 29, 2006, at a federal court in Washington, D.C., United States, lawyers for Saddam sought unsuccessfully to block his transfer from U.S. custody to the custody of Iraqi officials. Meanwhile, officials from the U.S. also tried to delay the execution due to concerns the execution would be seen as Shi'ite retribution.

Execution

Prior to execution

Two days prior to the execution, a letter written by Saddam appeared on the Ba'ath Party Web site. In the letter, he urged the Iraqi people to embrace unity and to hate not the people of countries that invaded Iraq, but instead the decision-makers. He said he was ready to die a martyr and he said that he was at peace with his death sentence. In the hours before the execution, Saddam ate his last meal of chicken and rice, with a cup of hot water and honey. He then said prayers and verses from the Qur'an.

Time and place of execution

Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin celebrating Eid ul-Adha. Eid ul-Adha is one of Islam's most important holidays, which celebrates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael to God. Reports conflict as to the exact time of the execution, with some sources reporting the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10. The execution took place at the Iraqi army base Camp Justice, located in Kazimain, a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad. Camp Justice was previously used by Saddam as his military intelligence headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai, where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, who were executed on January 15, 2007, also without the presence of their lawyers.

Execution proceedings

The last legal step, before the execution proceeded, was for Saddam to be handed a red card. This was completed by an official of the court with details of the judgment and a notice that execution was imminent. According to a senior Iraqi official, Saddam seemed "very calm and didn't tremble" before his execution, although some reports claim he struggled slightly while being retrieved from his cell. The former president recited the Shahadah, or Muslim profession of faith, but made no other remark as police officers escorted him to the scaffold. U.S. military spokesman Maj. Gen. William Caldwell told journalists in Baghdad that after "physical control" of Saddam was given to the Iraqi government, "the multinational force had absolutely no direct involvement with [theexecution] whatsoever." There were no U.S. representatives present in the execution room.
   Reports circulated that Saddam's behavior was "submissive" and that he was carrying the Qur'an he'd been keeping with him throughout his trial prior to his execution. Al-Rubiae, who was a witness to Saddam's execution, described Saddam as repeatedly shouting "down with Persians and the Americans." Al-Rubaie reportedly asked Saddam if he'd any remorse or fear, to which Saddam replied, "No, I'm a militant and I've no fear for myself. I've spent my life in jihad and fighting aggression. Anyone who takes this route shouldn't be afraid." Sami al-Askari, a witness to the execution, said, "Before the rope was put around his neck, Saddam shouted, 'Allah is great. The Muslim Ummah will be victorious and Palestine is Arab.'" Saddam also stressed that the Iraqis should fight the Americans and the Persians. After the rope was secured, guards shouted various rebukes including "Muqtada! Muqtada! Muqtada!" in reference to Muqtada al-Sadr; Saddam repeated the name mockingly and rebuked the shouts stating, "Do you consider this bravery?" A Shi'a version of an Islamic prayer was also recited by some of those present in the room, an apparent sectarian insult against the Sunni Saddam. One observer told Saddam, "Go to hell!" Saddam replied, "The hell that's Iraq?" Another man asked for quiet, saying, "Please, stop. The man is facing an execution."
   Saddam began to recite the Shahadah again, an act of faith performed by Muslims prior to the time of death (if anticipated). As he neared the end of his second recitation, the platform dropped. According to The New York Times, the executioners "cheer their Shi'ite heroes so persistently that one observer [inthe execution chambers] makes a remark about how the effort to rein in militias doesn't seem to be going well." During the drop there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken. After Saddam was suspended for a few minutes, the doctor present listened with a stethoscope for a heartbeat. After he detected none, the rope was cut, and his body was placed in a coffin. His body was transported to Tikrit by a U.S. military helicopter. Saddam was handed over from Iraqi Government possession to Sheikh Ali al-Nida, head of the Albu Nasir tribe and governor of Salaheddin, to be buried. Sheikh Ali al-Nida said, "He was cleaned and wrapped according to Islamic teachings. We didn't see any unnatural signs on his body." He was buried about three kilometers (2 mi) from his two sons in the same cemetery. The family also said his body might be buried in Ramadi, citing safety concerns, though there are no plans to do this.
   Major news networks carried official video of the moments leading up to Saddam's execution. The Iraqi government also released pictures of Saddam’s dead body in a shroud.

Mobile phone video

While officially released footage of the event stopped short of showing the actual execution, On January 3, 2007, the Iraqi government arrested the guard who they believe made the mobile phone video. Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie later held a press conference where he announced that three arrests had been made in connection with the investigation into the video taping and leak. A week later, another video surfaced on the Internet, which showed Saddam's body with a large neck wound. The video appeared to have been taken by a camera phone as well.

Reaction

Reactions to Saddam's death were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice, but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment, which is now abolished throughout most of Europe, South America, and Australia. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust.
   "The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He didn't lie when he declared his trial null," said Saddam's lawyers in a statement. Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam is a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States.
   According to reports from an official, there was dancing and Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place.
   United States' forces braced for a backlash of violence in Iraq due to the execution. United States President George W. Bush stated that Saddam's death wouldn't end the violence in Iraq. In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution.

Iraqi reaction

Politicians

In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, "Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he didn't expect." He also stated, "Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died." He also said that Saddam Hussein doesn't represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people.
"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years," said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani.
The execution will also prevent trials for other cases, including the chemical weapons attacks on Halabja in 1988. The Center of Halabja against Anfalization and Genocide of the Kurds (CHAK) disapproved of the execution, without having Saddam tried for other cases including the massacre of 8,000 Barzani Kurds in 1983, chemical attacks on Sardasht, the 1988 massacres on Anfal, and other crimes. At the time of his execution, Saddam was on trial, facing charges of genocide at Anfal, which resulted in an estimated 180,000 deaths. "Of course, Saddam has committed too many crimes. He deserves for those crimes capital punishment. But so quickly done, so quickly executed ... and only in one case—it would leave the other cases and leave a lot of secrets without being known," said an Iraqi Kurdish politician, Mahmoud Osman. and a riot broke out at Padush prison in Mosul. It is unknown whether this is related to Saddam's execution.

World reaction

At the time of Saddam's capture in December 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush expressed his opinion that Saddam deserved "the ultimate justice," alluding to the death penalty. This put the United States at odds with signatory countries to the European Convention on Human Rights (article 3), and other international treaties that prohibit the death penalty and the extradition of suspects to countries where capital punishment may be carried out.

Opposition

Following the execution of Saddam Hussein, leaders around the world issued statements. Leaders of India, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka, as well as the presidents of Brazil, and Venezuela expressed opposition to the execution.
   Leaders and governments of many European countries also expressed strong disapproval of using capital punishment in this and any case, including Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The European Commissioner for Development aid Louis Michel stated that the execution of Saddam Hussein is against the fundamental principles of the European Union (EU). The EU is against the death penalty, regardless of the crimes committed. "It isn't a big day for democracy," Michel stated to the RTBF. "The EU is in fierce opposition to the death penalty and there's no exception to that fundamental principle. Cruelty isn't to be answered with cruelty. I believe that there were other possible means to revenge the cruelties committed by Saddam. The death penalty isn't the right answer." He feared that the execution of Saddam will have a negative impact and that the former dictator will emerge as a martyr. "You don't fight barbarism with acts that I deem as barbaric. The death penalty isn't compatible with democracy," he told Reuters. The Reverend Federico Lombardi, of the Vatican, expressed sadness and disapproval of the death penalty. Chile, Belgium, Russia, and Serbia expressed disapproval of capital punishment in this and any case, and also expressed concerns about implications of the execution on stability in Iraq. Hosni Mubarak, the President of Egypt, called the execution shameful and unthinkable, and stated that the execution turned the ex-president into a martyr. "I am not saying whether Saddam did or didn't deserve the death penalty. I'm also not getting into the question of whether this court is lawful under occupation. I knew they wanted to administer the sentence before the end of the year, but why on the Muslim holiday? People are executed all over the world, but what happened in Baghdad on the first day of Eid al-Adha was unthinkable. I didn't believe it was happening," he said. "In the end, no one will ever forget the circumstances and the way in which Saddam was executed. They turned him into a martyr, and the problems in Iraq remained." Terry Davis, Secretary General of the Council of Europe, an international organization of which almost all European states are members, made an official statement condemning the execution: "The trial of Saddam Hussein was a missed opportunity ... It was an opportunity for Iraq to join the civilised world. The former Iraqi dictator was a ruthless criminal who deserved to be punished, but it was wrong to kill him. Saddam Hussein is no longer paying for his crimes; he's simply dead ... The death penalty is cruel and barbaric, and I call on the Iraqi authorities to abolish it. It is late, but not too late, for Iraq to join the great majority of civilised and democratic countries in the world who have already abolished the death penalty."
   Perhaps one of the most vocal European leaders has been Romano Prodi, the Prime Minister of Italy, who announced that his government would be campaigning at the UN for a worldwide moratorium on the death penalty. A number of Italian political figures and parties have expressed disgust at the execution, and Prodi plans to use Italy's recent admission as a temporary member of the UN Security Council to campaign the General Assembly to adopt a moratorium.
   In Turkey, the leader of the main opposition Republican People's Party, Deniz Baykal, expressed sorrow over the execution of Saddam Hussein, saying, "It is impossible to understand the rejoicing of those who put pressure on every country, including Turkey, for years to abolish the death sentence."
   The Palestinian Authority expressed opposition to the execution, and sadness over the demise of their steadfast ally. Hamas called the execution of Saddam a "political assassination." Saudi Arabia expressed "surprise and dismay" and regretted the "politicisation" of the trial. A "house of condolences" where people can gather to mourn Saddam was opened in Bethlehem. The organizers hung Iraqi flags, pictures of Saddam and broadcast Iraqi revolutionary songs. Palestinians rallied in other cities for the Iraqi leader as well. A Palestinian street and school has been reported to be named after Saddam Hussein, as well as a youth soccer tournament.
   A Reuters reporter based in Afghanistan cited a top Taliban commander saying the death of Saddam Hussein "will boost the morale of Muslims. The jihad in Iraq will be intensified and attacks on invader forces will increase." Fauzan Al Anshori, from the Islamic group of Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, said Bush, too, should stand trial. "Given the crimes blamed on Saddam, it's unfair if George Bush isn't also put before an international tribunal," he said. "Saddam was executed for killing 148 people, Iraqi Shi'a Muslims, while Bush is responsible for the killing of about 600,000 Iraqis since the March 2003 invasion."

Respect and concerns

Many other governments, including Canada, Indonesia, Thailand, expressed concerns and wishes for stability in Iraq, without passing judgment on whether or not Saddam should have been executed. Respect for the Iraqi judicial process and the judgment in this case was expressed by many other leaders and government officials, including those of Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China, Japan, Iceland, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

Support

The Peruvian president, Alan García, expressed approval for the execution of Saddam Hussein: "He deserved the maximum sentence in his country" and was "guilty of genocide" for using chemical weapons against other peoples for their religion or their racial origin. However, García questioned the legitimacy of the process against him, saying, "the trial was made in an occupied country. I don’t know if he was hanged for his crimes or just by the occupying forces." Israel said that Saddam "had brought about his own demise" and Poland expressed approval of the execution. A spokesman for Poland's president said, "justice has been meted out to a criminal who murdered thousands of people in Iraq."
In the United States, President George W. Bush made a statement, "Bringing Saddam Hussein to justice won't end the violence in Iraq, but it's an important milestone on Iraq's course to becoming a democracy that can govern, sustain, and defend itself."

Non-governmental organizations

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: "All sections of Iraqi society, as well as the wider international community, have an interest in ensuring that a death sentence provided for in Iraqi law is only imposed following a trial and appeal process that is, and is legitimately seen as, fair, credible and impartial. That is especially so in a case as exceptional as this one." "History will judge the deeply flawed Dujail trial and this execution harshly." – Executive Director Larry Cox
International Federation of Human Rights: "This death sentence will generate more violence and deepen the cycle of killing for revenge in Iraq. It is primarily a settling of old scores rather than any attempt at a just sentence; the whole process is an affront to the dignity and the rights of victims." – President Sidiki Kaba

Copycat hangings

There were reports of copycat deaths influenced by the media coverage. A 10-year-old boy in Webster, Texas, USA, hanged himself to death in his bedroom. The mother stated that the boy had previously watched a news report about Saddam's execution and decided to hang himself as a form of experimentation. In Multan, Pakistan, a 9-year-old boy also died apparently copying the televised execution; his 10-year-old sister assisted with the hanging. A 15-year-old girl from Kolkata, India was reported to have hanged herself after becoming extremely depressed by watching the execution. Copycat hangings are blamed for the deaths of seven people worldwide.

Criticism

Human Rights Watch issued a statement that the "execution follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the rule of law in Iraq." Amnesty International issued a statement that it "opposed the death penalty in all circumstances but it was especially egregious when this ultimate punishment is imposed after an unfair trial." Two days before the execution, the International Federation of Human Rights released a statement calling "upon Iraq's Head of State to ensure a moratorium on the death sentence pronounced against Saddam Hussein." The organization also said Saddam should be treated as a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions. Juan Cole said that the execution might lead to more sectarian turmoil. "The trial and execution of Saddam were about revenge, not justice. Instead of promoting national reconciliation, this act of revenge helped Saddam portray himself one last time as a symbol of Sunni Arab resistance, and became one more incitement to sectarian warfare," he said.
   Lawyers for Saddam called the trial "a flagrant violation of international law" and plan to continue "using all legal paths available locally and internationally until public opinion gets the truth about this political assassination." In a separate statement, Saddam's American defense lawyer called the execution "an unfortunate display of arrogant aggressor's injustice by the United States of America under the leadership of American President George W. Bush. It sets back achievements in international criminal law many decades and sends a clear message to people all over the world that the United States' aggression can't be stopped by the law. It is truly a sad day for international justice and sad beginning to a new year."
   Since the release of the amateur video footage of the execution, several commentators have criticized the atmosphere of the hanging. John Simpson of BBC News stated that the execution "is shown to be an ugly, degrading business, which was more reminiscent of a public hanging in the 18th century than a considered act of 21st century official justice." Toby Dodge, an expert on Iraq, of Queen Mary, University of London stated that the showing of the execution on television "conforms to a brutal logic that Saddam Hussein used himself" and went further by saying that "this isn't even victor's justice, this is the tawdry work of an insecure government," particularly since Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki forced through Saddam's execution just four days after the appeals court upheld his conviction. The Times commented in its online edition that, in the moments immediately preceding the hanging, "the scene had begun to resemble a medieval execution or a wild hanging in Texas" amid repeated instances of taunts hurled at Saddam that drowned out the lonely voice of an unidentified person calling for calm in the face of the gravity of the situation. Writing in The Hindu of India, Siddharth Varadarajan compared the filming and circulation of Saddam's execution video to the picture postcards of American lynchings of African-American men that were popular in the Deep South in the early years of the 20th century. John Burns and Marc Santora, writing in The New York Times, described the execution as "a sectarian free-for-all that had the effect, on the video recordings, of making Mr. Hussein, a mass murderer, appear dignified and restrained, and his executioners, representing Shi'ites who were his principal victims, seem like bullying street thugs." The Pakistani-born writer Tariq Ali denounced the proceedings, contrasting favorably the trials of Nazi criminals after World War II with the trial of Hussein, "Where Nuremberg was a more dignified application of victor's justice, Saddam's trial has, till now, been the crudest and most grotesque."
   Following the leaking of a mobile phone footage of Saddam Hussein's execution, along with the detention on January 3, 2007, of a guard under the Justice Ministry headed by a Sunni Iraqi minister Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli, suspicions have arisen that the ministry may have intended to inflame sectarian tensions. In an interview with La República on January 19, 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr said that the people who were in the room during execution were "people paid to discredit him" and the purpose of the unofficial video was to "make Muqtadá look like the real enemy of the Sunnis."
   United States President George W. Bush mentioned on January 4, 2007 that he wished that the execution "had gone on in a more dignified way." Bush later stated, in a January 16, 2007, interview with U.S. television host Jim Lehrer, that Saddam's execution "looked like it was kind of a revenge killing." Bush said he was "disappointed and felt like they fumbled the—particularly the Saddam Hussein—execution. It reinforced doubts in people's minds that the Maliki government and the unity government of Iraq is a serious government. ... And it sent a mixed signal to the American people and the people around the world."

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